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Examples may be misguiding or unclear.
 
1)Transform tools are blocking because they are relative to mouse pointer movement. 
When mouse is occupied and its click correspond to confirmation, it can not be used to press a button or rotatate in the view.
Interactive transform tool settings changes are located in header because it is a legacy of 2.4,2.3 etc...
In 2.79a, it is not a bad thing that these ones are not located in same panel. Because tools settings can be hidden.
In 2.8, horizontal tool settings will not be hidden. So it can dissapear from header.

3)It would be consistent with loop cut subdivisions to precise them by mouse movement. 
Generally, you already have a number of subdivisions wanted in mind. 
And it would be awful to have mouse movment for that without ability to ignore it and immediately enter numerical values through keyboard.
Currently, interactive numpad input is part of Blender's speed as a modeler. 
I am interested in the ability to gain a W,S,2 combinaison to make a subdivision of 2 cuts. 
But loosing a G,X,5 to only retain mouse movement everywhere would be a nightmare for modelers.

4)This one is partially outdated by Grease Pencil Object branch.Question is just open for 2D editors. 
But solution is already in trying to be consistent with 3D behaviour.

5)That is just a bad naming. Sculpt and paint tools are not tools. They are brush types, bruch categories or brush species...
Only tools like the ones in Weights menu of weight paint mode should be called tools.

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"Vector" is not a weird terminology. It is just appropriated mathematical term for a translation. You can set a negative value. 
That is not a coordinate like in Transform panel in Properties.
Rotation transform uses "Angle" term. Nobody is shocked by that. 
If we start to consider Vector too complicated to be displayed in UI, we will have to remove Euler and Quaternion, etc... 
I think it is better to contribute to upgrade scientific knowledge level of world population.
We are doing 3D in a mathematically described 3D space. We are animating FX by following newtonian physics rules. 
And we are rendering images reminding optical technics. That is the same vocabulary that is used in other 3D softwares.
Choosing another vocabulary will just lock up Blender users in their Blender world and be a barrier for scientists and pro-users coming from other applications.

The reason of existence of last operator panel is to be able to change your choïce.
If you don't have X,Y,Z constraints axis setting, here ; you have to cancel the action and redo it with another axis.
Usercases : you want to position an object at a known distance from another one. But you are hesitating puttng it to left/right or back/front or top/bottom.
You want to tighten an object but you are not sure in what axis effect will have better look.
You instinctively rotated an object according view plane, confirmed and then realized that was not perfect and rotation have to be constrained. 

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About Shade Flat example, a pop-up without settings is not totally meaningless. It is a reminder of last action.
You are interrupted by a collegue and then go back to work. "Where was I ? Oh! I made the Join."
But it could take another shape. It is not needed if "listener" (content of Info Editor) is obvious in the screen.

Orientation makes no sense for rotation. But it works for translation and scaling in edit mode. 
Again, it is not rare to make mistake because of the view and make a change to correct orientation.
You can test weird deformation.
"No problem. I can change my mind." 

No. Proportional Editing list corresponds to 4 choïces. Disabled/Enabled/Connected/2D projected.
This is not a boolean. 
It is in header of object mode in 2.79a. Because connected does not make sense in object mode and UI was not refreshed after 2D projected insertion.
If it was disabled, it make sense to hide Proportionnal size and falloff.
But when it is enabled, there are 3 different behaviours : default one, limitation to connected elements, closer elements according 2D projected distance (according to view).
It should be kept in case of mistake, hesitation or simply to discover recent options.
I am not against a little arrow or more button to hide Proportionnal Editing. But it would be logical that if it was used, settings should be available. 

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Toolbar issue about mouse movement appreciation starting at pression on button can explain why Subdivide and other tools called by a button press does not work like Translate.
If there is an alignment to mouse movement estimation for every tool, problem will be present for every tool. 
A button press and then, a click and drag in 3D view is logical solution. 
But don't forget the need to ignore mouse movement and directly enter numerical values without confirmation.


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If you don't want to display manipulators, how do you hide them ?
What happens to current combo (Translate+Scale+Rotate) manipulator ability ? 

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Current 2.8 use EEVEE as default. Cycles as an interactive renderer is slower and noisier. Obviously that is an outdated proposal for this default.

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This is outdated. We need proposals for workbench engine, for ways to choose passes to configure your custom engine, to handle collections overlays.

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That is great but seriously why not a vertical header for properties ? You removed physics tab in your mock-up. 
But current state in 2.8 is addition of two new tabs : Workspace and Collection.

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Do you know Modifier Tools addon ? 4 buttons to manage modifier stack as a whole. It will be interesting to add something like that.

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That makes sense about files opening. But main expecation of users is a solution for assets appending that does not require to use an asset management addon.
Do you have a proposal to test in asset browser branch ?